CGRP monoclonal antibodies (galcanezumab/fremanezumab) have been PBS-listed
since 2021 for chronic migraine. See Headache.
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (ocrelizumab/ofatumumab) are now common
first-line high-efficacy therapy for multiple sclerosis, well beyond the older
interferon/glatiramer/natalizumab/alemtuzumab list. See
Multiple Sclerosis.
Foslevodopa/foscarbidopa (Produodopa) was TGA-approved March 2024 as a new
device-assisted therapy for advanced Parkinson’s disease. See
Parkinson’s Disease.
2024 AASM guideline reverses restless legs syndrome first-line therapy away from
dopaminergic agents (augmentation risk) toward alpha-2-delta ligands. See
Restless Legs Syndrome.
DOACs are now a well-evidenced alternative to warfarin for cerebral venous sinus
thrombosis. See Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis.
Edaravone and tofersen (the latter SOD1-specific) have been added to riluzole for
MND/ALS. See Motor Neuron Disease.
Cauda equina syndrome reframed around a spectrum-of-radiculopathy model
(against-DRE consensus, two-tier emergency/urgent triage). See
Cauda Equina Syndrome.
Giant cell arteritis can present as an isolated sixth nerve palsy, not just visual
loss. See Diplopia.
Carotid artery stenosis now has an explicit >80% asymptomatic-referral threshold.
See Ischaemic Stroke & TIA.
Meningitis-encephalitis gained a new autoimmune/anti-NMDAR encephalitis section.
See Meningitis & Encephalitis.
A 2025 AJGP paper backs pragmatic GP-led initiation of Parkinson’s
therapy before specialist diagnostic confirmation — a shift from the
traditional refer-without-treating approach — plus 2024 Cochrane evidence
that exercise reduces motor symptom severity and improves quality of
life. See Parkinson’s Disease.
Medication-overuse headache’s post-treatment maintenance threshold has
tightened: MSD Manual (2025) recommends <4 days/month use of
triptans/ergotamine/combination analgesics, stricter than the older ICHD
≥10–15 days/month diagnostic threshold. See
Medication-Overuse Headache.